In 1873 Joseph May a telegraph operator from Valentia, Ireland found the light affects  electric selenium resistance. He realized that can be used to change the light into electric current using a selenium photocell. Joseph May with Willoughby Smith (engineers from Telegraph Construction Company Maintenance) to do some further experiments that [...]]]> The 1st Invention

In 1873 Joseph May a telegraph operator from Valentia, Ireland found the light affects  electric selenium resistance. He realized that can be used to change the light into electric current using a selenium photocell. Joseph May with Willoughby Smith (engineers from Telegraph Construction Company Maintenance) to do some further experiments that are reported in the Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers.

After some period of time then ever found a small metal plate that can rotate with holes in it by Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (1860-1940) or better known Paul Nipkow in Berlin, Germany at 1884 and referred to as the embryo of the birth of television. Around 1920 John Logie Baird (1888-1946) and Charles Francis Jenkins (1867 – 1934) using the Paul Nipkow’s disc to create a system in the arrest of a picture, transmission, and receive. They make the whole system is based on the television system mechanical movement, both in broadcasting and receive.

Electronic television rather stagnating development in the early years, the more mechanical television was due to cheaper and more resistant rock. Not only that, but also very difficult to get financial support for research electronic TV when TV mechanics are considered able to work with very well at that time. Until finally Vladimir Kosmo Zworykin (1889-1982) and Philo T. Farnsworth (1906-1971) succeeded to the electronic TV. With the cheap cost of running well and the result, the people at the time it gradually began to leave the TV and replace it with a mechanical electronic TV.

Vladimir Zworykin, who was one of the several specialists at that time, received assistance from the David Sarnoff (1891-1971), Senior Vice President of RCA (Radio Corporation of America). Sarnoff has already devoted much attention to the development of mechanical television, TV and electronic predict the future will have a better commercial. In addition, Philo T. Farnsworth successfully also gets sponsors to support the idea and took to compete with Vladimir.

Electronic Television

Farnsworth and Zworykin working separately succeeded in making progress for a TV commercial with a very affordable cost. In 1935, they began to send out broadcast by using a fully electronic system. Their main competitors are Baird Television, which has been first to broadcast since 1928, using a mechanical system entirely. At that time very few people who have a television, and they have a generally high quality pickup. On the TV screen size is only about three to eight inches just so mechanical and electronic competition is not so evident, but the competition is there.

And then RCA and Zworykin ready for a regular TV program, and they demonstrate the large-scale on the World Fair in New York. Enthusiastic people too big for this electronic system, causing the National Television Standards Committee [NTSC] 1941, has decided to make television transmission standard system in the USA. Five months later, 22 TV stations in USA were converting the system into the new electronic standard.

In the first years, when the world economic recession, the price of a television set is very expensive. When prices start going down, the USA involved in world war II. After the war over, television during in the golden period. although at that time only can watch a black and white television.

Color Television

CBS is actually more the color system used to build a few years before the rival (RCA). However, their system is not compatible with the majority of B/W Televisions around the country. CBS has spent a lot of cost for the color. They should realize the fact that their job ends futile. RCA was learned from CBS’s experience started to build the system according to the color format. They quickly build a system that can color on the color and B/W system. After the RCA exhibit their system capabilities, in 1953 NTSC make it became a standard television color system to commercial broadcast.

And now people are always talking through a digital mobile phone and send e-mail via the computer network of the world, but television technology essentially remain the same. Of course there are some procedures such as the development of stereo sound and color is better, but there is not a big leap to be able to shake that perception on the television. However, everything began to change slowly. Television has gradually entered the digital system.

John Logie Baird giving a description of his first television camera on display at the Science Museum, London.

Vintage RCA 621TS Television 1946 CRT

httpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDLrS0UcD1A

Source:

TV History

Citizendium

AviCenter

BBC UK

Radio Museum

Micro Magnet

Birth Television Archive

Baird Television

The Invention of Television: Timeline

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Do you already have a computer with a sound card that can act as your digital recorder? You just need to add some inexpensive recording equipment and software to your PC, and you can produce high-quality, [...]]]> Need to setup a home studio to record voice narration for home videos, indie productions, commercials, and more?

Do you already have a computer with a sound card that can act as your digital recorder? You just need to add some inexpensive recording equipment and software to your PC, and you can produce high-quality, effective voice recordings easily. What other gear do you need?

Microphone.
To get your voice into the computer, you need a microphone. Don’t use the crummy little one that came with your computer. High-quality,
inexpensive mics abound and sound far better than that trash. For basic voice work, I’d suggest either the Shure SM57 or SM58. These are rugged, good-sounding dynamic microphones. The SM58 is especially suited for female voice as it reduces sibilance (excessive esses) somewhat. Males can choose either. Both mics are available from music or audio equipment suppliers for under $100 (American Musical Supply, BH Photo/Video, Musician’s Friend, and others). Also, get a proper mic cable and a desk stand to hold the mic while you’re speaking.

Microphone preamp.
Microphones put out such a low amount of electricity that their signal needs to be boosted. The sound card’s mic input includes the necessary preamplifier. Unfortunately, much like the cheapo mic that shipped with your box, most sound card mic preamps are too noisy for serious work. In a pinch you could use it, but at least, use it with a better mic.

For the preamp, you can choose either a small mixer to work with your mic or a dedicated device. Mixers essentially let you connect several microphones and other devices (such as a CD player) to one place and adjust their volumes  independently. The Behringer Eurorack MX602A 6 Input Mixer has microphone inputs, level controls, and costs less than $60. Alternately, two good choices for stand-alone preamps include the DBX Mini-Pre Tube Mic Pre-amp and the ART Tube MP Studio V3 Mic Pre-amp. Both are under $125 and available from the same sources listed above.

If you do a lot of recording invest in higher quality mics, preamps, and a dedicated computer audio interface. Two better mic choices include the
Marshall 2003 and the Rode NT1. For preamp needs, choose a combination preamp and computer audio interface device such as the Edirol UA-5 or M-Audio Duo.

Speakers and headphones.
While computer speakers are adequate for recording, editing, and finishing basic recordings, those built-in to laptops are useless.
Invest in some decent powered speakers, such as the Roland MA-8 Micro Monitors, and use them instead. Play your recordings on a variety of
systems home stereo, car, etc. to check how they translate to other listening environments. Also, you can’t listen on speakers when recording because they’ll feedback when the microphone is on. Wear closed-ear headphones that keep sound leaking from them from being picked up by the mic.

Recording software.
Choose recording software with editing facilities for fixing mistakes, compiling the best bits, adding music and/or sound effects, creating special effects, and delivering your finished voice tracks in the formats you need. A “light” version of a professional recording program is Sonic Foundry, Sound Forge Studio.

Quiet recording space.
Your goal is to record a clear, intimate voice track, and that means keeping noise and the sound of the room OUT of the finished recording. Professionals record in a sound booth specially designed to keep noises out and make their voice sound good. These costs thousands of dollars and are a bit impractical for occasional work. A clothing-filled, walk-in closet works as a makeshift sound booth, though.

Getting a good level
Even the most basic onboard sound card has three connections: mic in, line in, and line (or headphone) out. Hook up your equipment by plugging your mic into the mixer (or preamp) and plug the output of that device into your sound card’s line in. Connect your headphones, too. (If you’re using a dedicted external interface, you’d plug into that. It connects to the computer through a USB port.)

Next, set your volume at the mixer (or preamp) using its controls and level meters. Start speaking, watch the meters, and slowly raise the volume until you get close to 0 (zero) without going over.

Launch the software that controls your sound card (it’s usually the little speaker icon in the system tray). Here is where you select your recording source (line in) and adjust its volume. Set this at 100% all the way up and then control your recording level with your external mixer or preamp.

Start your audio recording software and get into record ready. Record in mono, not stereo, and at CD-quality (16 bits and 44kHz sampling rate). You’ll notice that the audio software doesn’t have controls for setting levels, but you do rely on its meters when recording. Never, EVER exceed 0 (zero) on your digital level meters. Anything above that level will sound horribly distorted. You want any loud sound to fall below digital 0 with the majority of your level well below that (between -6 to -15 dB).

Mic technique
To greatly improve the sound of your recordings, get closer to the mic. The farther away you are from it, the more you pick up the room around you. Your voice starts to sound thin and distant, like a home video. Get closer and your voice is more intimate, the prototypical narrator sound. Another advantage to getting closer is the microphone itself may accentuate the lower frequencies in your voice and that can make you sound more powerful. How close? Put your lips between four and six inches away, about the width of your hand. Don’t talk down into the mic. Instead position it above your nose pointed down at your lips. Also, don’t position the mic dead center of your lips. Move it over to the right slightly, say 20 degrees, off axis. This leaves a clear view of your script, too.

Obviously, locate your recording area away from noisy equipment, such as computer fans. Put a little distance between the mic and the noise source. Also, avoid salty foods immediately before your recording session. Have some tepid water nearby and apply a little lip balm. These will keep your mouth and lips lubricated. Nibbling on some sliced apples can help overcome dry mouth, too.

When you’re ready to record, turn away from the microphone. Take a deep breath. Exhale. Take another deep breath. Open you mouth, turn back to the microphone and begin to speak. This technique eliminates the sharp intake of breath and lip smack that often occur when starting to speak.

Speak clearly and slowly. You can always tighten up your recording during the editing stage. If you make a mistake, go back to the nearest sentence start and continue on again, even if you flub just a word or two. Cutting in a single word or phrase is difficult and doesn’t sound natural.

Editing the recordings
You don’t have to nail everything in one take. Record as many run-throughs as needed and compile the best parts into the final recording. Listen back and evaluate what you did. Is everything there that you need? Does it sound good? Is the level right (not too low; not distorted)? If not, go back and re-record the bits you need, listen back again, and repeat the process until you’re satisfied.

Editing sound is much like editing in a word processor. You can’t see the words, but you do see a two-dimensional representation of the words as sound waveforms. And you can hear the words as you play them. You manipulate these waveforms just like you move words around in your word processor. Cutting, copying, pasting all the techniques you’re already familiar with apply when editing sound.

Before you begin editing, turn off the mic, disconnect the headphones, and switch to speakers. Obviously, delete what’s not needed, such as a throat clear before you started speaking, any chatter between takes, extraneous noises, and so forth. Once you’ve eliminated the junk, move toward improving your performance. If you did multiple attempts at the script, find the best takes and build your final version from them.

Listen critically to any changes you make. I find that taking a long break let’s you approach the recording once again with fresh ears. Can you make it better? Is the volume consistent? Are there any noises, background sounds, or other unwanted parts that you could eliminate or reduce?

After editing the voice, you can add music or sound effects to sweeten the final version. To add music using Sound Forge, open the music file in your audio software, select, and copy it to the clipboard. You may need to trim the music to match the length of your voice recording, first. Then, position the cursor at the start of your voice recording, and select Edit > Paste Special > Mix. Here you can control the level of the music (source) in relation to your voice (destination). Double-check the mix to make sure you can hear your voice recording clearly with the music playing in the background.

As a final step, use your audio software’s normalization process to maximize the recording’s volume. Select the entire waveform and normalize it to -0.10 dB (98.86%). Save this file to the audio format you need, for instance, MP3.

###Jeffrey P. Fisher

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